This study guide provides a comprehensive overview of key concepts and events covered in Unit 2 of your American History 2 course, focusing on the period following Reconstruction. We'll delve into the significant social, political, and economic changes that shaped the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the United States. Remember to consult your textbook and class notes for further details.
The Gilded Age: Wealth, Inequality, and Industrialization (1877-1900)
This era, known as the Gilded Age, witnessed unprecedented industrial growth fueled by technological advancements and entrepreneurial spirit. However, this prosperity wasn't equally distributed, leading to significant social and economic disparities.
Key Concepts:
- Industrialization: Explore the impact of the Second Industrial Revolution, focusing on key industries like steel, railroads, and oil. Understand the contributions of figures like Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, and J.P. Morgan. Analyze the rise of monopolies and trusts and their impact on the American economy.
- Technological Advancements: Examine inventions like the telephone, lightbulb, and Bessemer process and their influence on society and the economy. Consider the impact of mass production techniques on manufacturing and labor.
- Immigration: Analyze the waves of immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe and their impact on American society. Explore the challenges faced by immigrants, including nativism, discrimination, and urbanization.
- Urbanization: Study the rapid growth of cities and its consequences. Examine the living conditions in tenements, the rise of political machines, and the emergence of social reform movements.
- Labor Movements: Understand the rise of labor unions, such as the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor. Analyze significant strikes, like the Pullman Strike, and the evolving relationship between labor and management.
- Populism and the Progressive Era: Explore the rise of the Populist Party and its platform. Understand the goals of the Progressive movement and the reforms implemented to address social and economic inequalities. Key figures like Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson should be examined.
Key Questions to Consider:
- How did industrialization shape the American landscape and society?
- What were the social and economic consequences of rapid industrial growth?
- What role did immigration play in shaping American society during this period?
- How did urbanization contribute to social problems and reform movements?
- What were the goals and achievements of the Populist and Progressive movements?
The Progressive Era: Reform and Change (1900-1920)
The Progressive Era represents a period of significant social and political reform aimed at addressing the problems created by rapid industrialization and urbanization.
Key Concepts:
- Muckrakers: Understand the role of investigative journalists in exposing social ills and prompting reform.
- Political Reforms: Analyze the reforms implemented at the local, state, and national levels, including initiatives like women's suffrage, direct democracy, and civil service reform.
- Trust-Busting: Examine Theodore Roosevelt's efforts to regulate monopolies and promote competition.
- Conservation: Explore the conservation movement and its impact on environmental protection.
- Social Reforms: Understand the efforts to improve working conditions, public health, and education.
Key Questions to Consider:
- What were the major goals of the Progressive movement?
- How successful were Progressive reformers in achieving their goals?
- What were the limitations of the Progressive movement?
- How did the Progressive Era shape the development of the American state?
Preparing for Your Exam
To prepare effectively for your exam, review your class notes, textbook chapters, and any assigned readings. Create flashcards for key terms and figures. Practice essay questions that address the major themes and concepts outlined above. Consider forming study groups to discuss challenging concepts and quiz each other. Good luck!
